Brines Across the
Solar System: Modern Brines
October 25–28, 2021
Program and Abstracts
Times
listed are Central Daylight Time (CDT). Time Zone Converter
7:30 a.m. PDT
8:30 a.m. MDT
9:30 a.m. CDT
10:30 a.m. EDT
4:30 p.m. CEST
11:30 p.m. JST
Monday, October 25, 2021
9:30 a.m. |
Speaker Check-in |
9:45 a.m. |
Virtual Coffee Social |
10:00 a.m. |
|
11:00 a.m. |
|
1:30 p.m. |
|
3:00 p.m. |
|
4:00 p.m. |
Tuesday, October 26, 2021
9:30 a.m. |
Speaker Check-in |
9:45 a.m. |
Virtual Coffee Social |
10:00 a.m. |
|
11:00 a.m. |
|
1:30 p.m. |
|
3:00 p.m. |
|
4:00 p.m. |
Wednesday, October 27, 2021
9:30 a.m. |
Speaker Check-in |
9:45 a.m. |
Virtual Coffee Social |
10:00 a.m. |
|
11:00 a.m. |
|
1:30 p.m. |
|
3:00 p.m. |
|
4:00 p.m. |
Thursday, October 28, 2021
9:30 a.m. |
Speaker Check-in |
9:45 a.m. |
Virtual Coffee Social |
10:00 a.m. |
|
11:00 a.m. |
|
1:30 p.m. |
|
3:00 p.m. |
|
4:15 p.m. |
KEYNOTE SPEAKER: BRINES
10:00
a.m.
Chair: Ed
Rivera-Valentín
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
10:00 a.m. |
Rivera-Valentín E. G. * |
Welcome and Introduction |
10:05 a.m. |
Hanley J. * |
Fantastic
Brines and Where to Find Them [Presentation] |
10:40 a.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
10:50 a.m. |
|
Break |
FINDING
BRINES: SPECTROSCOPY IS FRIEND!
11:00
a.m.
Chairs: Raina Gough and David Stillman
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
11:00 a.m. |
Primm K. M. * Stillman D. E. |
Macroscopic Deliquescence as
Monitored by Dielectric Spectroscopy [#6033] [Presentation] |
11:15 a.m. |
Fischer E. * Martinez G. M. Renno N. O. |
Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool to
Identify Brine Formation [#6051] [Presentation] |
11:30 a.m. |
Mason D. P. Elwood Madden M. E. * |
Using Raman Spectroscopy to Detect
and Monitor Freezing and Melting Processes in Near-Saturated Water-Salt
Mixtures at Mars-Analogue Temperatures [#6013] [Presentation] |
11:45 a.m. |
Hanley J. * Bandelier Z. Murphy C. Carmack R. Horgan B. |
Strategies for Remotely Detecting
Chlorine Salts on Mars [#6058] |
12:00 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
12:10 p.m. |
|
Lunch Break |
DELIQUESCENCE
AND BRINE STABILITY: JUST ADD SALT
1:30 p.m.
Chairs: Megan Elwood
Madden and Rachel Slank
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
1:30 p.m. |
Tu S. * Parise J. B. Lars E. Rogers A. D. |
Stability Diagrams of Aqueous
Chlorate Solutions Under Martian Relevant Temperatures and Relative Humidities [#6043] |
1:45 p.m. |
Fitting A. * Chevrier V. F. Rivera- Valentín E. G. Soto A. |
Modeling the Deliquescence of
Complex Salt Mixtures at the Phoenix Landing Site [#6042] [Presentation] |
2:00 p.m. |
Rivera-Valentín E. G. * Chevrier V. F. Soto A. Martínez G. |
Formation of (Meta)Stable Brines on
Present-Day Mars: Implications
for Habitability [#6040] [Presentation] |
2:15 p.m. |
Soto A. * Rivera-Valentín E. G. Chevrier V. |
Stability of Surficial Brines on
Mars During Recent Orbital Cycles [#6015] [Presentation] |
2:30 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
2:40 p.m. |
|
Break |
TERRESTRIAL
ANALOGS: ET BRINES PHONE HOME
3:00 p.m.
Chairs: Larry Anovitz and Jennifer Scully
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
3:00 p.m. |
Buffo J. J. * Brown E. K. Pontefract A. Schmidt B. E. Klempay B. Lawrence J. Bowman J. Grantham M. Glass J. B. Plattner T. Chivers C. Doran P. Meyer C. R. Barklage M. E. Fluegel B. |
British Columbia’s Unassuming
Planetary Laboratory: How a Handful of
Frozen Saline Lakes can Help Us Understand Brines Across the
Solar System [#6020] [Presentation] |
3:15 p.m. |
Pontefract A. * Carr C. E. Doran P. T. Ratliff L. McNulty K. E. Odenheimer A. B. Bowman J. Som S. Plattner T. Lawrence J. D. Schmidt B. E. |
A New Approach to Inferring
Habitability Metrics in Hypersaline Environments [#6041] |
3:30 p.m. |
Bose M. * Reynoso L. R. Castillo-Rogez J. |
Carbon Preservation within Ceres
Regolith Minerals: A Need for Analog
Work to aid in Successful Sample Return. [#6036] |
3:45 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
POSTER
SESSION: BRINES ACROSS THE SOLAR SYSTEM
4:00 p.m.
Chair: Sean O’Hara
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
4:00 p.m. |
Bowman J. S. Bastuba A. Som S.
Plattner T.
Pontefract A.
Doran P. Buffo J. Lawrence J. Schmidt B. Team O. A. S. T. |
An Objective Definition of
Habitable Space and Application to Modeling Water Activity
from Geochemistry [#6047] [Presentation] |
4:05
p.m. |
Fries M. Steele A. Zolensky M. |
Martian Brines in Ancient Salt Lake
Beds — A High Priority Target for Mars Sample Return [#6054] [Presentation] |
4:10 p.m. |
Rodriguez A. J.
Elwood Madden M. E.
Mason D. P. |
Raman Spectroscopy: Quantitative Analyses of Modern Brines
on Mars [#6038] [Presentation] |
4:15
p.m. |
Hopkins R. J. Rogers A. D. Ehm L. Sklute E. C. |
FTIR-ATR Spectra and XRD Analysis
of Amorphous Sulfate-Chloride Brine Desiccation Products after Multiple
Consecutive Deliquescence-Desiccation Cycles [#6031] [Presentation] |
4:20 p.m. |
Bryson F. E. Ingall E. D.
Hanna A. M. Cardelino M.
Plattner T.
Meister M. R.
Lawrence J. D.
Mullen A. Dichek D.
Schmidt B. E. |
Development and Testing of a
Miniature Robotic Electrodialysis (MR ED) System to Remove Salts for Ocean
World Sampling [#6032] |
4:25
p.m. |
Castillo-Rogez J. C. Melwani Daswani M. Glein C.
Vance S. Cochrane C. |
Role of Non-Water Ices in Driving
Salinity and Electrical Conductivity in Ocean Worlds [#6035] [Presentation] |
4:30 p.m. |
|
POSTER AND
SCIENCE DISCUSSION |
Tuesday, October 26, 2021
KEYNOTE
SPEAKER: GEOLOGY
10:00
a.m.
Chair: Ed Rivera-Valentín
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
10:00 a.m. |
Rivera-Valentín E. G. * |
Introduction and Welcome |
10:05 a.m. |
Castillo-Rogez
J. * |
Role of Brines
in the Geological Evolution of Icy Bodies:
Observations and Predictions [Presentation] |
10:40 a.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
10:50 a.m. |
|
Break |
REGOLITH-BRINE
SYSTEMS: IT’S COMPLICATED
11:00
a.m.
Chairs: Erik Fischer and Katie Primm
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
11:00 a.m. |
Shumway A. O. * Catling D. C. Toner J. D. |
Soils Increase the Stability of
Magnesium Perchlorate Brines on Mars [#6005] [Presentation] |
11:15 a.m. |
Hughes E. B. * Gilmore M. S. Eleazer M. |
Experimental Evaporation of
Multicomponent Brines Demonstrates Variability in Salt Identification [#6030] [Presentation] |
11:30 a.m. |
Anovitz L. M. * Treiman A. H. Mamontov E. Kolesnikov A. I. Stack A. G. Cole D. R. Wesolowski D. J. |
Cryogeochemistry:
Liquid Water in Unexpected Places [#6060] |
11:45 a.m. |
Slank R. A. * Rivera-Valentín E. G. Chevrier V. F. |
Experimental Investigation of the
Near-Surface Martian Water Cycle with a Salty Regolith: Implications for Brine Formation [#6026] [Presentation] |
12:00 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
12:10 p.m. |
|
Break |
Tuesday, October 26, 2021
BRINE
COMPOSITION: WE’RE ALL MADE OF SALT
STUFF
1:30 p.m.
Chairs: Jennifer Hanley and Maitrayee Bose
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
1:30 p.m. |
Wang A. * |
Salts and Brines: Active Intergradient in Modern-Day
Martian Geochemistry [#6016] |
1:45 p.m. |
Baccolo G. * Niles P. B. Delmonte B. Cibin G. Di Stefano E. Hampai D. Keller L. Maggi V. Marcelli A. Michalski J. Snead C. Frezzotti M. |
Acidic Brines in Deep Antarctic Ice
Promote the Englacial Precipitation of Jarosite and Support the Ice
Weathering Model for Jarosite Formation on Mars [#6011] [Presentation] |
2:00 p.m. |
Melwani Daswani M. *
Castillo-Rogez J. C. |
Timing and Metamorphic Temperature
Yield Different Brine Compositions at Dwarf Planet Ceres [#6034] [Presentation] |
2:15 p.m. |
Stillman D. E. * Pettinelli E. Primm K. M. Caprarelli G. Mattei E. Lauro S. E. Cosciotti B. |
Perchlorate and Chloride Brines as
the Cause of the MARSIS Bright Basal Reflections: Laboratory Measurements [#6028] [Presentation] |
2:30 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
2:40 p.m. |
|
Break |
BRINE
DISCOVERY: EXPLORE YOUR WORLDS!
3:00 p.m.
Chairs: Carol Raymond and Jacob Buffo
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
3:00 p.m. |
De Sanctis M. C. * Ammannito E. Ciarniello M. Raponi A. Carrozzo G. F. Frigeri A. Formisano M. Rousseau B. Ferrari M. De Angelis S. Fonte S. Giardino M. Ehlmann B. L. Marchi S. Raymond C. A. Russell C. T. |
Modern Brines at Ceres: Hints from VIR Imaging Spectrometer on
Dawn Mission [#6002] [Presentation] |
3:15 p.m. |
Scully J. E. C. * Baker S. R. Poston M. J. Carey E. M. Castillo-Rogez J. C. Raymond C. A. |
Initial Results Suggest that
Short-Lived Flows Mobilized by Brines, Immediately Following an Impact,
Formed Curvilinear Gullies, Lobate Deposits and Pitted Terrain on Vesta
and Ceres [#6004]
[Presentation] |
3:30 p.m. |
Bishop J. L. * Seelos K. D. Murchie S. L. Arvidson R. E. |
Anomalous Terrains West of Olympus
Mons may be Result of Cold Spring Flows Percolating Through
Near-Surface Permafrost [#6001] [Presentation] |
3:45 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
POSTER
SESSION: BRINE FACILITATED GEOLOGY
4:00 p.m.
Chair: Sean O’Hara
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
4:00 p.m. |
Geyer C.
Elwood Madden M. E.
Mason D. P.
Rodriguez A. J.
Elwood Madden A. S. |
Investigating Clay-Brine
Interactions to Inform Interpretations of Mineral Assemblages on Mars [#6049] [Presentation] |
4:06
p.m. |
Pedone M. Ammannito E. Plainaki C. De Sanctis M. C. Raponi A. De Angelis S. Ciarniello M. Ferrari M. Frigeri A. Carrozzo F. G. |
Chemical Processes Occurring in
Brines Freezing Under Ceres Surface:
The Case of Juling and Kupalo Craters [#6010] [Presentation] |
4:12 p.m. |
Tu V. M.
Ming D. W.
Sletten R. S. |
The Mineralogy and Cation Exchange
of Sediments in Don Juan Pond, Antarctica Dry Valley: Implications for Mars [#6021]
[Presentation] |
4:18
p.m. |
Shi E. B. |
Gamma-CaSO4 with
Abnormally High Stability from Hyperarid Region on
Earth and from Mars [#6023] |
4:24 p.m. |
Sklute E. C.
Geist A. E. Koretke B.
King J. F. Hopkins R. J. Rogers A. D. Clark R. Dyar M. D. |
Alteration of Common Regolith
Analogues and Precipitation Products from Rapidly Dehydrated Ferric Sulfate
Saturated Brines in the Presence and Absence of NaCl — A Story of
Amorphous Mars [#6039] [Presentation] |
4:30
p.m. |
|
POSTER AND SCIENCE DISCUSSION |
Wednesday, October 27, 2021
INVITED
TALKS: MISSION DEBRIEFS
10:00
a.m.
Chair: Ed Rivera-Valentín
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
10:00 a.m. |
Martínez G. * |
Brine Studies Enabled Through Surface-Based
Measurements on Mars
[Presentation] |
10:20 a.m. |
Grima C. * |
The Europa
Clipper Mission and the Search for Brine [Presentation] |
10:40 a.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
10:50 a.m. |
|
Break |
BRINE
DISTRIBUTION: PASS THE SALT, PLEASE!
11:00
a.m.
Chairs: Mohit Melwani Daswani and Julie Castill-Rogez
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
11:00 a.m. |
Naseem M. * Neveu M. |
Salt Distributions in Icy Shells of
Ocean Worlds [#6003] [Presentation] |
11:15 a.m. |
Wolfenbarger N. S. * Fox-Powell M. G. Buffo J. J. Soderlund K. M. Blankenship D. D. |
A Framework for Modeling the
Distribution of Brine and Salt in an Ice Shell [#6029] [Presentation] |
11:30 a.m. |
Hesse M. A. * Wolfenbarger N. S. McCarthy C. |
To Percolate or Not to Percolate?
When are Brines in Planetary Ice Shells Mobile? [#6044] [Presentation] |
11:45 a.m. |
Raymond C. A. * Castillo-Rogez J. C. Ermakov A. I. Scully J. E. C. Park R. S. Fu R. R. Quick L. C. Ruesch O. |
Brines on Ceres: Origins and Transport Processes [#6057] |
12:00 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
12:10 p.m. |
|
Lunch Break |
Wednesday, October 27, 2021
BRINE GEOCHEMISTRY: BRINES, ON THE ROCKS
1:30 p.m.
Chairs: Alian Wang and Natalie Wolfenbarger
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
1:30 p.m. |
Baharier B. * Semprich J. Filiberto J. Potter-McIntyre S. L. Olsson-Francis K. Perl S. Crandall J. R. Schwenzer S. P. |
Sulphate-Rich Sediments in Direct
Contact with a Magmatic Intrusion Potential to Form a Habitable Geothermal
Brine on Earth and Mars [#6027] [Presentation] |
1:45 p.m. |
Filiberto J. * Cogliati S. Crandall J. R. Schwenzer S. P. |
Geochemical Modeling of
Magma-Sediment Interaction Induced Hydrothermal Systems [#6014] |
2:00 p.m. |
Sevgen S. * Suttle A. Som S. M. |
Brines Reacting with Rock: How Brine Composition Affects Hydrogen
Generation During Serpentinization [#6022] |
2:15 p.m. |
Nellessen M. A. * Crossey L. Gasda P. J. Peterson E. Lanza N. Reyes-Newell A. Delapp D. Yeager C. Labouriau A. Wiens R. C. Clegg S. Legett S. Das D. |
Geochemical Modeling and
Experimental Results of Boron Adsorption onto Martian Clay Minerals from
Martian Brines [#6055] [Presentation] |
2:30 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
2:40 p.m. |
|
Break |
I SAW THE
SIGN: BIOSIGNATURES IN BRINES
3:00 p.m.
Chairs: Alex Pontefract and Jie Xu
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
3:00 p.m. |
Birmingham M. A. * Lockamy D. Goldstein R. H. Olcott A. N.
Oceans Across Space and Time Science Team |
Exploration of Biosignature
Preservation Potential of Ancient and Modern Evaporites [#6053] |
3:15 p.m. |
Perl S. M. * Celestian A. J. Cockell C. S. Basu C. Filiberto J. Potter-McIntyre S. Olsson-Francis K. Schwenzer S. P. Crandall J. R. Baxter B. K. Onstott T. C. Bowman J. Bywaters K. Winzler M. Valera J. Cooper Z. Nisson D. Garner M. Baharier B. Tasoff P. |
Preservation of Dynamic Biological
Processes from Extant Halophilic Life:
In-Situ Lessons Learned from Planetary Analogue Brines
and Evaporites [#6048] |
3:30 p.m. |
Cogliati S. * Curtis-Harper E. Schwenzer S. P. Pearson V. K. Olsson-Francis K. |
Identification of Fluids
Accompanying Bio-Signature Formation in Martian Analogue Experiments [#6018] [Presentation] |
3:45 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
POSTER
SESSION: LIVING WITH BRINES
4:00 p.m.
Chair: Sean O’Hara
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
4:00 p.m. |
Tarasashvili M. V. Aleksidze N. G. Doborjginidze N. G. Gharibashvili N. G. |
Iron-Sulfur Brines as Hypothetical
Ecosystem Analogues of Early Mars and Icy Worlds [#6059] |
4:06
p.m. |
Rivera-Valentín E. G. Méndez A. Lynch K. L. Soto A. |
Special Regions Based Habitat
Suitability Index Model for Brine Environments on Mars [#6025] [Presentation] |
4:12 p.m. |
Mitchell S.
Sklute E. C.
Boles B.
Holbrook K.
Jarratt A.
Shaffer J.
Smith L.
Lee P. A. Dyar M. D.
Mikucki J. A. |
Biosignatures at the Surface
Interface Deposited by Subglacial Brine [#6046] [Presentation] |
4:18
p.m. |
Fisher L. A. Bovee A. R. Klempay B. Weng M. M. Som S. M. Doran P. T. Carr C. E. Glass J. B. Pontefract A. Schmidt B. E. Bowman J. S. Bartlett D. H. |
Comprehensive Analysis of DNA
Degradation and Cell Viability of Model Microbes in Magnesium
Chloride Brine [#6019] |
4:24 p.m. |
Xu J. Baxter B. |
Environmental Functions of Purple
Sulfur Bacteria in the Great Salt Lake, Utah Under Changing
Climatic Conditions [#6008] |
4:30
p.m. |
|
POSTER AND SCIENCE DISCUSSION |
Thursday, October 28, 2021
KEYNOTE
SPEAKER: ASTROBIOLOGY
10:00
a.m.
Chair: Ed Rivera-Valentín
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
10:00 a.m. |
Rivera-Valentín E. G. * |
Introduction and Welcome |
10:05 a.m. |
Voytek M. * |
Halophiles as
Models for Extraterrestrial Life |
10:40 a.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
10:50 a.m. |
|
Break |
BRINE
ANALOGS: YOU LIVE WHERE?!
11:00
a.m.
Chairs: Michael Werner and Andrew Shumway
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
11:00 a.m. |
Evilia C. * Cahoon T. Guerrero A. Rosentreter J. |
It Takes a (Halophilic)
Community: How to Survive in the Great
Salt Lake [#6052] [Presentation] |
11:15 a.m. |
Jung J. Loschko T. Werner M. S. * |
Multicellular Life in Brine: Nematodes in the Great Salt Lake [#6012] [Presentation] |
11:30 a.m. |
Klempay B. * Dutta A. Weng M. M. Doran P. T. Fisher L. A. Rundell S. M. Bartlett D. H. Carr C. E. Elbon C. E. Glass J. B. Pontefract A. Schmidt B. E. Bowman J. S. |
Patterns of Horizontal Gene Transfer
Within Microbial Community Succession in Evaporative Brine Systems [#6037] [Presentation] |
11:45 a.m. |
Winzler M. L. * Perl S. M. Cockell C. S. Pailing S. |
Evaluation of Brine Concentration
Efficacies for Nucleic Acid Preservation [#6050] [Presentation] |
12:00 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
12:10 p.m. |
|
Lunch Break |
Thursday, October 28, 2021
LIFE IN
THE LAB: YOU LIVE HERE NOW
1:30 p.m.
Chairs: Kennda Lynch and Scott Perl
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
1:30 p.m. |
Xu J. * Lajoie B. N. Brunner B. Afrin H. Langford R. Fernandez Delgado O. Cantando E. Arnold G. |
Potential Bioavailability of
Crystallization Water in Sulfate Minerals Under Water-Restricted Conditions —
A Case Study of Gypsum Interdunes in the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico [#6007] |
1:45 p.m. |
Smith S. M. * Poulson S. R. |
Searching for Life in Salts:
Freezing/Geochemical Modeling to Investigate Stability and Microbial
Habitability of Modern Martian Brines [#6045] [Presentation] |
2:00 p.m. |
Schneegurt M. A. * Zbeeb H. Z. Cesur R. M. Joad Md. Zayed H. H. Ansari I. M. Mahdi A. Luhring T. M. Chen F. Clark B. C. |
Bacterial Survival and Growth in
Dense Brines, Deliquescent Liquids, and Crystal Fluid Inclusions [#6006]
[Presentation] |
2:15 p.m. |
Smith S. M. Poulson S. R. * |
Agar Gelation Spectrophotometric
Assay of Chao- and Kosmo-Tropicity of Inorganic
Salts, and Implications for Life in Terrestrial and Martian Brines [#6017] |
2:30 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
2:40 p.m. |
|
Break |
HABITABILITY: BRINES ARE JUUUST RIGHT!
3:00 p.m.
Chairs: Sara Smith and Mark Schneegurt
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
3:00 p.m. |
Lynch K. L. * Simpson A. Machineni S. Santiago-Vazquez L. Goodale C. Lopez J. |
Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner: Investigating the Potential of
(Per)Chlorate Supported Ecosystems on Mars [#6024] |
3:15 p.m. |
Méndez A. * Rivera-Valentín E. G. |
Implementing Habitat Suitability
Models: Habitability of the
Martian Surface [#6056] |
3:30 p.m. |
Fifer L. M. * Catling D. C. Toner J. D. |
A Moderately Alkaline and
Volatile-Rich Enceladus Ocean from Plume Modeling [#6009] [Presentation] |
3:45 p.m. |
Hallsworth J. E. * |
Biology of Water Activity in
Terrestrial Brines [#6061] |
4:00 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
INVITED
TALK: MEETING WRAP UP
4:15 p.m.
Chair: Ed Rivera-Valentín
Times |
Authors (*Denotes Presenter) |
Abstract Title
and Summary |
4:15 p.m. |
Murray A. * |
Charting the Course to Ocean Worlds |
4:45 p.m. |
|
DISCUSSION |
4:50 p.m. |
Rivera-Valentín E. G. * |
Farewell Address |